different sides of war Essay -- essays research papers

Whether war is our only option to resolving problems in the world or not, there are many reasons why war is equally futile and heroic. All with history, men have been making amends and settling issues through acts of war. This is especially shown true in a book titled The Iliad. Throughout the epic, men of supernatural strength and intelligence prove themselves by battling their enemies. The victors of these battles were thought of as both heroic and brave. On the other hand the casualties of these wars have proven that war really was futile. In either case, one side will everlastingly come out victorious and the other equals death. So, is there any cause for war if the ultimate ending is bloodshed and death or should it be savored for its historical meaning?In...

Ethical Issues of Human Test Subjects Essay -- Radioactive Technology

Ethical Issues of Human Test SubjectsAs we achieve burgeons of new technologies, we must also face the irreprehensible sacrifices. The old scientific aphorism reminds us that no trial can go without error. Many of the present day technologies may prove beneficial but the processes of development and discovery very much come at high prices. Countless experiments have been conducted in the names of science and the advancement of mankind. Regardless of their outcomes, these experiments require some form of a establish subject. Any life sustaining test subject has been the root of many ethical issues, with human test subjects being one of the most controversial. Granted the advantageous products of labor, the exposition for what we, as moral humans, are willing to sacrifice unagitated lays a little rough. One of many ethical dilemmas arises when we question as where to draw the bank note for human test subjects. Test subjects are not always guaranteed the safety of their outcomes and this generates a lot of debate to what extent we are prepared to tolerate for the interest group of advancing technology.The other(prenominal) century has unveiled many new revels in science and technology. Nuclear technology is one of the more recent brinks of discovery. Over the past 60 years or so, scientists have been on a gold rush for the nuclear power. New elements were being discovered and the potentials of their peculiar characteristics drew in more and more people. Highly radioactive substances were being tested for their potencies at the subatomic level. The gain in this scurry for answers was partially politically charged, if not wholly for educational purposes. The United States was amid the throng of countries entering the World War II. If one of the most ... ...ficiencies. This does not necessarily mean that the human resource can be misused. By maintaining a code of ethics in human experimentation, we can all advance forward. People should be willing to accept the risks involved in human experimentation, including death. Certain demographics or distinctions in people should not set them apart from a testing pool. With nuclear power and radioactivity as still relatively new ideas, the course of discovery has yet to be traveled. It is only up to us to be vigilant and consciously aware of our actions.References1.http//tis-nt.eh.doe.gov/ohre/roadmap/achre/chap7_5.html2.http//www.dc.peachnet.edu/shale/humanities/ man/assignments/experiment/fernald.html3.http//the-tech.mit.edu/V114/N28/fernald.28n.html 4.http//www.gwu.edu/nsarchiv/radiation/dir/mstreet/backgnd/exper/radhum.txt

Is Abortion the Best Option? Essay -- essays research papers

LIFEMany people talk about many issues. Some are more change than others are. Abortion is an issue that divides are nation like no other. Religions, sexes, and even political parties take opposite sides on the issue. The question is, which opinion is morally tolerable? What is abortion you might ask? In the Merriam-Webster dictionary, abortion was defined as induced termination of pregnancy and expulsion of embryo or foetus bound of normal growth, prior to full development or maturation. In simple terms, the killing of an embryo and extracting it.Where did all this rage and brewing arguments come from? Well, in 1973 the peremptory Court ruled in favor of Jane Roe in a 7-2 decision. This decision allowed abortions to be legal in all 50 states that were performed within the archetypal trimester of pregnancy. Prior to this decision, an abortion was only performed to save a mothers life. Since this controversial decision was made, the issue of abortion rings throughout American o rder of magnitude everyday (Goldman, Jerry).As soon after the decision in 1973, the American people quickly jumped to one side or another. These two sides were pro-life and pro-choice. A pro-choice some(prenominal)one believes that this developing embryo is merely a mass of tissue just as developing skin cells or liver cells. This person believes that it is the womans choice whether to have the baby or not. The baby is being carried within her body and being provided nutrients by her, and stopping the development of this fetus for any reason is not wrong. This group strongly agrees with the 1973 Supreme Court decision and pushes for more abortion rights.A pro-lifer believes that the unborn child is a human being and has the right to live. Aborting this unborn child is considered an act of murder to this group. John Noonan is a professor of law at the University of Berkeley. Noonan is a Roman Catholic philosopher who argues abortion is morally wrong. He defends the conservative vie w (pro-life) by stating, an entity becomes a person at c at one timeption and that abortion, except to save the mothers life, is morally wrong. He believes that fetuses are innocent human beings, and since it is wrong to kill innocent human beings, which fetuses are innocent humans, it is wrong to kill fetuses. (Abortion) Noonan asks the question How do you set apart the humanity of a being? He goes o... ...hich 390 are ovulated. Once spermatozoon and ovum meet, studies show that only about 20 percent have a chance at spontaneous abortion. In simple terms, the chance of a fetus developing is 1 out of 5 times. This seems to be outstanding odds. (Biology Book)The contiguous issue to be discussed is experience. Pro-choice would argue that one who has experienced, lived and suffered, one who possess memories, is more human than one who has not. This distinction is not serviceable. An embryo after viii weeks is experiencing, as it is responsive to touch and sensation. Furthermore, if a human has lost his memory due to say aphasia, then is he not human? Based on this issue he would not be. Nor would the man who has never loved or learned, for these are certainly human experiences.Finally, I must sum everything up with some biblical reasoning, being a strong believer in God. The word of God states, do not injure your fellow man without reason. In these terms, once the humanity of a fetus is perceived.(Abortion Facts) Abortion simply violates the equality of human life. So I end with a question, are abortions wrong? You decide.

Essay --

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.0IntroductionThis chapter introduces the definition and importance of node berth toward health advertising and followed by how determinants of health advertisement affect the client view toward advertisement.This chapter also discusses the theoretical framework for the four independent variables such as credibility, informative, pleasure and good for economy that influences the customer attitude toward health advertisement. 2.1 Health Advertisement According to the Ameri deal Marketing association stated that advertising refer to any paid from of non-personal presentation and advancement of ideas, goods and help by an identified sponsor. The advertisement is directed toward increasing the sales of the business. The one of the trait of the advertising is for communication, information and persuasion. Advertisement is non-personal communication that habit crowd together media. Buyer can get information from the advertisement about the particular merchandise that they want to buy. Advertisement create favorable attitude of the customer that trail to the favorable actions.Dofman, Woodruff and Wallack (1993) stated that public service advertisement used for selling good health behaviors. Personal behavior will bump their give birth health status. They believe that health promotion advertising has been used to benefit the advertisers and industry. The mass media provide the solution of health problem. The public health professionals fatality to take aim the risk to use the advertising to change the attention from the personal to social. Health advertisement helps the company to sell their health point of intersection such as product that can lose weight, increase antibody, and multivitamin product. The health rela... ...ponse produce the behavior. The behavior was created by three factors which is pleasure, arousal and dominance. Pleasure refers to a person tone of voice prosperous in a certain situation. Arousal mean s that feeling that vary from person to person in different situation such as bored and excitement. While dominance refer to the individual feeling which are control in particular situation. When the consumer watches an advertisement thus develop the feeling of akin the product then the willingness to buy it. The advertisement was consider as successful advertisement when the consumer has the ability to recall the brand in the advertisement. A firm can bedevil the competitive advantage if the consumer can recall their brand through the advertisement. The positive attitude of a consumer can easily recall the advertisement than those who has banish attitude toward the advertisement. Essay -- CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.0IntroductionThis chapter introduces the definition and importance of customer attitude toward health advertisement and followed by how determinants of health advertisement affect the customer attitude toward advertisement.This chapter also discusses the theoretical framework for the four independent variables such as credibility, informative, pleasure and good for economy that influences the customer attitude toward health advertisement. 2.1 Health Advertisement According to the American Marketing association stated that advertising refer to any paid from of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods and service by an identified sponsor. The advertisement is directed toward increasing the sales of the business. The one of the trait of the advertising is for communication, information and persuasion. Advertisement is non-personal communication that use mass media. Buyer can get information from the advertisement about the particular product that they want to buy. Advertisement create favorable attitude of the customer that lead to the favorable actions.Dofman, Woodruff and Wallack (1993) stated that public service advertisement used for selling good health behaviors. Personal behavior will determine their own heal th status. They believe that health promotion advertising has been used to benefit the advertisers and industry. The mass media provide the solution of health problem. The public health professionals need to take the risk to use the advertising to change the attention from the personal to social. Health advertisement helps the company to sell their health product such as product that can lose weight, increase antibody, and multivitamin product. The health rela... ...ponse produce the behavior. The behavior was created by three factors which is pleasure, arousal and dominance. Pleasure refers to a person feel happy in a certain situation. Arousal means that feeling that vary from person to person in different situation such as bored and excitement. While dominance refer to the individual feeling which are control in particular situation. When the consumer watches an advertisement thus develop the feeling of like the product then the willingness to buy it. The advertisement was cons ider as successful advertisement when the consumer has the ability to recall the brand in the advertisement. A firm can have the competitive advantage if the consumer can recall their brand through the advertisement. The positive attitude of a consumer can easily recall the advertisement than those who has negative attitude toward the advertisement.

Religious Confusion in Bless Me, Ultima by Rudolfo Anaya Essay

Religious Confusion in Bless Me, UltimaOnly a few books dare to discuss the astonishment surrounded by a religious awakening. In Bless Me, Ultima, Rudolfo Anaya, challenges standard religion and brings in differnet ideas through the perspective of a young and confused boy. At the end of his struggle to reckon, the boy reaches the peace of mind he was seeking.Antonio, the young boy, wants answers to the questions that have been nagging at him since he was introduced to religious ideology. He does not understand why Ultima, a close elderly friend and a healer, can save his dying uncle from the curses of evil while the priest from El Puerto with his holy weewee and the power of God can not lift the curse from him. He wonders whether God really exists or if the Cicos story of the golden carp is true. Bless Me, Ultima, is a compelling story that deals with Antonios family, beliefs, and dreams.Throughout the book Antonio is introduced to many new ideas. The first is the experiences he h as with Ultima. Ultima is a healer who learned her techniques from an old wise man on the prairie. She is sometimes called a witch. This confuses Antonio because in his heart he knows Ultima represents good and not the evil she is sometimes blamed for. Antonio learns some of the ways of Ultima and begins to understand his surroundings. He knows the call down of almost every plant and what medicinal uses each has.The next exposure for Antonio is the myth of the golden carp. Antonio...

Religious Confusion in Bless Me, Ultima by Rudolfo Anaya Essay

Religious Confusion in Bless Me, UltimaOnly a few books dare to discuss the confusion surrounded by a religious awakening. In Bless Me, Ultima, Rudolfo Anaya, challenges standard religion and brings in differnet ideas through the location of a young and confused boy. At the end of his struggle to understand, the boy reaches the peace of mind he was seeking.Antonio, the young boy, wants answers to the questions that have been nagging at him since he was introduced to religious ideology. He does not understand why Ultima, a close elderly friend and a healer, can save his dying uncle from the curses of evil turn the priest from El Puerto with his holy water and the power of God can not lift the curse from him. He wonders whether God really exists or if the Cicos news report of the golden carp is true. Bless Me, Ultima, is a compelling story that deals with Antonios family, beliefs, and dreams.Throughout the book Antonio is introduced to many new ideas. The first is the experiences he has with Ultima. Ultima is a healer who erudite her techniques from an old wise man on the prairie. She is close totimes called a witch. This confuses Antonio because in his heart he knows Ultima represents good and not the evil she is sometimes blamed for. Antonio learns some of the ways of Ultima and begins to understand his surroundings. He knows the name of almost every plant and what medicinal uses each has.The next exposure for Antonio is the myth of the golden carp. Antonio...

Roman Religion

Romans were very strict to their religion and beliefs. In ancient Rome, flock involve worshiping multiple gods and deities. The religion practice was in two several(predicate) stages state and family practices the state worships were held by the government which were more organized. There were also colleges which would counsel people to the right way of worshiping gods. Roman sought will of their gods in mass prayers such as Olympic games, religious events and sacrificing while in the household every(prenominal) family had their own protective gods. Worshipers would offer prayers and sacrifices to the gods in order to request their favor.In fact, the ancient Roman states religion were right for the well-being of the government and the citizens. They worshiped multiple gods to search success in all aspects of life, each god had its unique function and had been worshipped for the specific purposes god of battle, god of love, god of peace and so on. In addition, there had been fou r colleges which have had control over the public and private religious practices.The two just about important colleges were the Pontifices and the college of Augurs. The Pontifices college, as Warrior mentions, had authority over the most important matters (RR 48). Most likely, the accuracy of worshiping and sacrificing were depended upon Pontifices college priests applause and they would assure that the practice was in its accurate way. The Augurs college was in charge of overseeing and connection between religion and the politics. Most of the genus Phallus of Augurs college were priests and professionals.Furthermore, in Roman religion, people believed that gods were involved in their daily activities. They had several religious festivals which were accompanied by the Olympic games, these festivals were held by the state authorities and were practiced in the public. One of these events called the laughter of god, which they held to seek the laugher of the god Apollo. According to Apuleius in the book The golden ass, we are the only people who on this solar day seek the benevolence of the god laugher in an amusing and joyful ritual (TGA 38).Among all other religious practices, this event was called the god laugher. In this event, in order to make the god happy, the government would gather all the citizens and held a laughter ceremony for the favor of god Apollo. They would find someone who is not conscious of the ceremony and mystify him in a situation, while he was struggling in the situation they would start laughing to favor the god. The people who gathered knew what was chance but not the stranger who makes the god laugh.In Romans religion, the state and private practices were performed in many aspects, the religion was sought in different ways and for different purposes. One of the purposes of the state worshiping was sought for success in battles. Before the battle, they would seek the agreement of the god through worshiping and sacrificing in th e ceremonies. Priests who were professionals in reading the signs of god would turn in the signs, if the signs were suitable for the purpose they would prepare for the action, if not the worshiping and sacrificing were supposed to be redone for corrections.In conclusion, as I mentioned above, Roman worships were divided into the public and the private. Families would honor their household liven up while public worship was held by the government. Rome had colleges of official priests to ensure that its actions met with divine approval. Roman religion involved cult worship. In their religious beliefs, approval from the gods did not depend on a persons behavior, but on accurate observance of religious rituals. The gods were usually imaged in stone or bronze and would put them in a shrine or temple in which they would offer prayers and sacrifices.

Korea & Art Essay

Korea is back then was heavily influenced by China oddly with Chinas introduction of Buddhism to Korea. This had a very deep political, cultural and religious influence in the country. Art in Korea from the 1st to the 3rd one C A. D. was mostly ceramics and sculpture. This was due to the introduction of the Potters wheel to the country. This was during the same time that iron technology was introduced to the country as well. Containers shaped like birds that take in been discovered were dated back to this period and were said to represent Korean beliefs regarding the afterlife.These were apparently made for aesthetic, rather than for utilitarian purposes. Its manner of creation which was of soft and low-fired ashes was very different from those which ere made for practical uses. This soft and low-fired clay wares were called the wajil togi. This was later replaced during the 3rd carbon by the hard and high-fired stoneware called the kyongjil togi. During the 4th century, Korea h ad already been divided into three kingdoms Koguryo in the north, Paekche in the southwest, and Silla in the southeast.There was another 4th political entity called the Kaya Federaltion. It is made up of only small city states dictated in between Silla and Paekche. Prior to this century, the Chinese had already introduced a system of writing to Korea. During this century, this system of writing was adapted into the Korean Language and was referred to as the idu. landscape painting painting was also a form of art in ancient Korea. The earliest one to have been effectuate was dated to the 5th century A. D. and was found in a Koguryo tomb.It was a wall painting that depicted a group of hunters that were riding their horses as they were hunting. Its landscape setting was a simple potation of a mountain. Another mural was later discovered inside Muyong- chong (the Tomb of Dancers). It was an early example of Korean portrait and genre painting that had more concentre on realism. A sma ll gold and bronze sculpture of a seated Buddha was also found in Korea which dated back to the 5th century in the territory of the Paekche kingdom. It was one of the first proofs of the Buddhist influence in Korea.

India Asean Free Trade Agreement

INDIAN-ASEAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT A TERM PAPER SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SOCIAL SCIENCES (HONOURS SCHOOL) Supervisor Submitted by Dr. Rajesh KumarKumar Ranjan M. S. Sc. (Hons. ) 2nd Semester Roll No. 12 pic SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY AMRITSAR 2009 INTRODUCTION India and the association of southwestward easternward Asian Nations (ASEAN) have concluded negotiations for a b atomic number 18(a) change over Agreement (FTA) after familys of difficult negotiations.This conformity depart be signed into a treaty at India-ASEAN summit to be held in Bangkok on February 26,2009 (Economic times, January 27, 2009) if e actually thing goes as planned. Expectation from India ASEAN FTA are high. Joint Media statement of Sixth ASEAM Economic subgenus Pastor (AEM)-India consultations states that the AIFTA (ASEAN-India free flock agreement) could be major avenue in harnessing the regions vast economic potentials towards sustained progre ss and improved welfare not only for ASEAN and India but for great easternmost Asian regions as well.The India-ASEAN FTA is the result of many international and domestic factors on one hand, the tr discontinue of international regionalization and the proliferation of FTAs and the failure of the capital of Qatar round of Multilateral talks to yield concrete results led both India and the ASEAN countries to consider alternative solution towards free shell out. On the other hand the bankers acceptance policies by India and ASEAN to bankrupt better cooperation with their immediate neighbours in recent old age has helped accelerate this negotiation. (www. e_pao. net) INDIA AND ASEAN HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDAlthough India and ASEAN countries have shared cultural and historical ties, Indias interaction with ASEAN countries was quite limited during the cold war as the deuce pursued policies which were not very conducive to deep rooted interaction. Soon after the end of second world war, India championed the process of decolonization and drew recognition and appreciation from different parts of the world. It become one of the founding members of Non-aligned Movement (NAM). unconstipated though Indonesia was also a member of NAM alongside India, this relationship did not extend beyond that (Sinha, 2007 pg. 357)The arrival of bipolar politics in southeast Asia, the Vietnam crisis and Indias close ties with the Soviet union led to the adoption of divergent policies by both India and ASEAN. ASEAN was formed in 1967 during the Vietnam war primarily to diffuse regional contest and to promote better relations amidst members. Communists victory in Vietnam, Laos and combodia soon worsened the already fragile security situation of southeast Asia. Thus by 1976, ASEAN was forced to contemplate to become an association with security as its main concern. The reunification of veitnam and the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia created another security dilemma. Sinha, 2007 pg. 350). While ASEAN chastised Vietnam, India supported Vietnam. ASEANs suspicions of the soviet union and the paronoia it had with anything communist led many including India, to regard ASEAN as allies of the capita inclinings and pro-American bloc. Suspicions was so high during this time that refused to hold dialogues with ASEAN twice in 1975 and 1980. But with end of the cold war, interactions mingled with India and ASEAN became more frequent and relations between the two began to improve at very fast pace. Following the end of cold war and collapse of soviet union, India began to adopt liberalization policies.Mean while, ASEAN has also emerged as an bitant regional organization with great potential and opportunities for growing. The renewing of the international system and new outlook led to the adoption of the Look East indemnity in 1991, it marked a strategic shift in its foreign policy and perceptions towards its eastern neighbours. ASEANs strategic importance in the larger Asia -Pacific region and the potentials it has in becoming Indias major partner in pot and investment also added an impetus to India to develop closer ties with it.In addition, considering the proposed South Asian Free Tade Area (SAFTA) is un standardisedly to produce any steady outcome, this policy shift and agreement on the part of India is a strategic s it is important. In continuance of Indias Look East policy, the process of interregional cooperation was transfer with India becoming a sectoral Dialogue partner of ASEAN in 1992 a full dialogue partner in 1995 and member of the ASEAN regional Forum (ARF) in 1996. India because a summit level partner of ASEAN in 2002 and concluded the ASEAN-India partnership for peace, progress and shared prosperity in 2004.India also became enganged in regional initiatives such as Mekong-guga cooperation (MGC) and Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic cooperation (BIMSTEC). India has also became member of EAST Asia Summ it (EAS) in December, 2005, (Chakraborti, World Focus, 2008, 436). INDIAS LOOK BEST, ASEAN LOOK WEST POLICIES The accepted turning point in India-ASEAN relations came with economic liberalization in 1991, the end of the cold war and enunciation of Indias Look East policy by Prime Minister PV Narsimha Rao. As publication of Indian ministry of external aff airs observed. There was confluence of nterests. A new world order, the economic Reforms in India along with its Look East policy, coincided with ASEANs Look West and regionalization drive. (Baru, February 2001 pg. 13. ) Under the Look East policy pursued increased heap and investment cooperation with South Korea and capital of Singapore. Apart from extending Indias enduring relation with Vietnam, the policy also pursued greater economic relations with Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. India became a Sectoral Dialogue Partner of ASEAN at the ASEANs Singapore, summit in 1992, and a Full Dialogue partner of ASEAN at the Bangkok Summ it in 1995.In February 1995 the ASEAN-Indian Business council was set up. India was invited to the meeting of ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) in July, 1996. At this it was decided that ARF would only admit as participants countries that have a direct influence on the peace and security of East Asia and pacific region. (Baru, 2001 pg 13). A key objective of India and ASEAN to move from derivative to direct relationship so that in that respect are no distortions, no misperception, no ignorance and no intermediation.There has been doubling of trade between India and ASEAN countries in 1990s and a marked increased in joint ventures and foreign direct investment between the two. Section VI and VII provide a comprehensive account of India-ASEAN trade and investment relation. Suffice it to say that ASEAN has emerged as the third largest foreign investor in Indias after US and EU. There are two dimensions of Indias new relationship with ASEAN. First, the trade and investment dimensions second, the foreign policy and strategic dimension. uncomplete of these relations has equal value to all the ASEAN countries clearly, Indias economic relations with some are more developed than with others. Similarly Indias political and strategic relation with some are more developed than with others. Suffice it to say that in no case is the relationship purely undimensional (Baru, 2001, pg 14) DEEPENING RELATIONSHIP among INDIA AND ASEAN The deepening of relationship between India and ASEAN is reflected in the buoyancy of trade figures between the two. During April-September 2007-2008, trade grew from US$ 15. 06 one thousand million to US$ 17. 2 jillion that is trade grew by 13 percent. India foreign trade with ASEAN, according to directorate General of commercial intelligence and statistics (DGCIS), is also on the rise. During the period 2005-06 to 2006-07 Indias exportation to ASEAN registered a growth rate of 20. 67 percent. Similarly Indias imports from ASEAN during the same period registered a growth rate of 66% India ASEAN trade stoo at US$ 38. 37 billion in 2007-08 and is projected to reach US$ 48 billion during 2008-09 (Economics times, Jan 10). At the eldest India-ASEAN summit held at Phnom Penh on November 5, 2001.India called for an India-ASEAN within a 10 year time frame. In this context the second India-ASEAN summit held at Bali on October 8, 2003 was significant landmark in India-ASEAN relations. The summit saw the signing of the framework agreement for comprehensive economic cooperation between India and ASEAN. This agreement envisaged the establishment of an FTA within a period of ten long time. In March 2004, an ASEAN-India cover Negotiation committee (Al-TNC) was launch to Negotiate the implementation of the provisions of the framework agreement.India, since than entered into numerous agreement with ASEAN. (Sharma, Third concept vol 21, pg 9,10) At the Sixth India- ASEAN summit held at Singapore on November snuff it year, India proposed to i ncrease its bilateral trade with ASEAN to the time of US$ 50 billion by the year 2010. The latest agreement is therefore the result of many years of tactfull policies that led to the thawing of the ice between these two important emerging power in Asia. In addition to these agreements with ASEAN, India has also made consistent efforts to develop bilateral ties with ASEAN members.With Thailand, India has 61 years of diplomatic relation. India also has free trade agreement with Thailand that was signed in 2004. The framework agreement on bilaterals FTA of 2003 was the basis of this FTA with Thailand. Trade b/w the two increased from a mere US $ 606 million to US$ 3. 14 billion in 2006-07. With the CLV countries Cambodia, Laso and Vietnam, India entered into a soma of bilateral agreements for cooperation in the fields of trade, science and technology, agriculture, defence, visa exemption, tourism, IT and culture.India has major projects I in the projects in the field of education entr epreneurship development and IT in these three countries. In 2004, India extended a credit line of US$ 27 million to Vietnam. Malaysia is a major source of foreign direct investment (FDI) for India, particularly in the areas of LPG, power plant and highway construction. Trade between the two rose from US$ 2. 2 billion in 2002-03 to US$ 6. 6 billion in 2006-07. India public sector undertaking such as BHEL and IRCON have also undertaken and completed a number of projects in Malaysia (www. _pao. net). Presently after India-ASEAN FTA negotiations, it is reported that close 150 Indian Engineering firms are eying to diversify their export base in ASEAN merchandises and are planning to strive Malaysia the Regional hub to penetrate the region. Many of these companies are exploring the possibilities of joint ventures, technology transfer and investment opportunities. It was mainly because of the insistence of Indonesia that India became a part of the East Asia summit in 2005. Relations be tween the two had been very good for many years.Bilateral trade between the two increased by 44% from 2005-06 to 2006-07. India has a comprehensive Economic cooperation agreement (CECA) with Singapore since 2005. This agreement include bilateral investment promotion treaty. Double taxation avoidance agreement, an air process agreement and an FTA. Singapore, along with Indonesia had been an important factor for Indias comprehension into the East Asian summit. In addition, it was Singapores role that paved the way for Indias association with the ARF. Singapore is the biggest source of FDI for India among ASEAN countries.During the period 2000to 2008, the cumulative FDI of Singapore into India was worth a whooping US $ 4. 35 billion. Concurrently, over two thousand Indian companies were based in Singapore (www. e_pao. net) India also has plans for a free trade area with Brunie, Indonesia and Malaysia by 2011 and with the remaining ASEAN countries by 2016. Since 1995, India have activ ely engaged Myanmar in Trade. It has singed several agreements and MOUs including Tripartite Maritime Agreement with Myanmar and Thailand, peal trade Agreement and for cooperation between civilian uthorities between India and Myanmar. Since 2000, a number of high level visits have taken place. During these visits, several agreements and MOUs have been signed in areas ranging from hydroelectric projects on the Chindwin River and IT cooperation to cultural exchange programs. In year 2003 alone, Seven Agreements/ MOUs were signed to promote trade and communication facilities. By 2006-07 bilateral trade between India and Myanmar reached US$ 650 Million as compared to US$ 341. 40 million in 2004-05 (www. e_pao. net).RECENTLY CONCLUDED FREE TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN INDIA AND ASEAN India is in process of signing a free trade agreement (FTA) with ASEAN. On 28 August 2008, India ASEAN concluded a trade in goods agreement which lead operationalize the FTA in merchandize trade. They bequeath formally signing this TIG agreement in ASEAN-Indian Summit now to be held on 26 Feb 2009. (Economic times, 27 Jan 2009). When India and ASEAN Kicked off Negotiation on the bilateral FTA in 2002, they were supposed to finalise a comprehensive agreement that covers goods, service and investment.However, regional grouping prevailed in India to conclude talks on goods, first and than move on to service and Investment. However signing of TIG Agreement was delayed as the negotiation got stuck a some times due to difference between parties on the coverage of the veto total. In free trade agreement countries are allowed to keep a small number of products out of coverage of the agreement. The thin of the negative list or the list of items that would be excluded from proposed FTA agreement had at one stage brought negotiations to a stands till. The items on the list would have limited or no tariff concession.Indian negotiaters were cautious as there were apprehensions that the ASEAN coun tries are more competitive in sectors akin agriculture, textile, auto and auto components and electronics. India would face negative consequence unless sensitive items in these sectors are protected India submitted a list of aground 1414 products as a negative list. These products counted for 42% of total exports of ASEAN to India. But as the Negotiations from ASEAN insisted that the products include in the FTA, should cover at least 90% of exports to India, a pruning of negative list was done by Rao, Inderjit Singh, (Indias De adjusty Minister for Defence).He trim the number of items to be placed on a negative list from 1414 to 850 on 27 July 2006. In August 2006 These items were further reduced to 560 items. At the end it was decided that each signatory country of INDO-ASEAN FTA can have at most 489 products in its negative list provided that these products do not exceed more than 5% of total bilateral imports. Indias negative list includes 302 agriculture items, 81 items from t extile and clothing, 52 items from machinery and auto and 32 items from chemicals and fertiliser plastics.There are 22 other items from various other sectors which are also part of negative list (Thakurta, South Asian ledger, 2007, 107-108). It has been decided in Negotiation that for products which are not in negative list duties will be reduced in phased manger starting from 2009 and the duty cut will be completed by 2018. Under the pact, India and ASEAN will eliminate import duties on 71% products by December 31, 2012 and another 9% by 2015. Duties on 8-10% products that have been kept in the sensitive list will also be brought piling to 5%. For all product in non negative list duty will be reduced to zero by 2018.India has also identified 611 products, which will only get a partial duty cut. Among these products India has put five products on highly sensitive list. They are Tea, Coffee, pepper, palm earthy and refined palm oil (The Economic contest, 2008). India stances dur ing the negotiations indicates some what defensive position in goods sector. This is not surprising because India runs a fairly large trade deficits vis-a-vis ASEAN. Acc to data of Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) published by IMF, India had a trade deficit of $ 14,562 million in 2007 with ASEAN. This is around 15% of Indias total trade deficits.Fore individual ASEAN members, India Trade Pattern show that for the last 10 years (1998-2007) it has a trade deficit each year with Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and Myanmar. India runs a trade extra with other ASEAN member including Vietnam and Philippines (TABLE 1). Table 1 Indias Trade surplus/Deficits with ASEAN Member countries (in million $) 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Brunei Daressalam 3. 05 1. 73 2. 63 2. 90 3. 72 4. 22 4. 31 32. 64 40. 34 50. 07 Cambodia 2. 85 6. 60 6. 88 2. 48 16. 97 18. 55 17. 10 21. 68 24. 43 30. 32 Indonesia -556. 28 -635. 64 -536. 55 -717. 28 -541. 06 -883. 68 -1160. 84 -1492. 88 -2450. 39 -3975. 02 Laos 0. 98 1. 35 5. 00 5. 52 1. 84 0. 59 2. 00 1. 59 5. 68 7. 05 Malaysia -1137. 28 -1504. 35 -820. 68 -1032. 57 -627. 00 -1044. 68 -1206. 95 -1231. 50 -4429. 51 -4599. 52 Myanmar -151. 45 -139. 05 -131. 31 -144. 76 -274. 11 -304. 77 -295. 35 -383. 30 -473. 73 -587. 90 Philippines 113. 80 85. 83 126. 53 147. 41 299. 41 236. 62 208. 86 272. 87 233. 00 176. 98 Singapore -754. 57 -862. 95 -655. 53 -2001. 17 -92. 87 26. 29 919. 87 209. 5 -4000. 42 -5664. 81 Thailand 63. 60 103. 33 174. 60 81. 65 301. 66 250. 02 72. 60 95. 74 -513. 20 -1035. 06 Vietnam 116. 70 136. 25 195. 85 157. 36 280. 97 356. 22 427. 08 534. 92 648. 69 1035. 88 Overall trade deficits -2298. 61 -2806. 93 -1632. 41 -3498. 46 -630. 45 -1340. 29 -1011. 32 -244. 77 -10915. 11 -14562. 02 Source (EPW, 15 Nov 2008) However, overall trade balance is significantly negative. The concern is that if India has already such a huge trade deficit, reduction of tariff rates may worsen the situ ation unless there is a significant export boost.Among ASEAN members, India already has preferential trade agreement with Thailand Myanmar and Singapore. India, Myanmar and Thailand are part of the Bay of Bengal Institute for multi sectoral technical and economic cooperation (BIMSTEC) which is now knows as Bangladehs, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand economic cooperation (BIMSTEC) (Thakurata, South Asian Journal No. 16, pg 108). India also has a seprate FTA with Thailand. India and Singapore have signed a comprehensive Economic cooperation agreement (CECA) few years back.though the terms and tariff reduction conditions of these agreements may be different from the present agreement but still it can be fictitious that the bankal impact of Indo-ASEAN FTA will be less for these three ASEAN countries (i. e. Myanmar, Thailand and Singapore). Among other ASEAN members, India has significant trade with Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines. Though the current volume of trade with Vi etnam is low, Vietnam is one of the double-quick growing countries in the world and trade potential between India and Vietnam is considered to be significant. Nityanand Deva, Indias look-East policy, www. indianmba. com/occasional_papers/ OP104/ OP104html. HOW TARIFF PROFILE EFFECTS FTA? Tariff reduction, especially of custom duties on imports of Agricultural commodities, is an extremely sensitive issue in India. Till India initiated economic reforms in 1991, the peak custom duty rate used to be as high as 150 percent. (Thakurata, South Asian Journal, pg 110). One assumed that India will have some advantage in the ASEAN foodstuff because of tariff margin given TIG agreement.The India-Asean pact on goods trade will result in the signatory countries abolishing customs tariffs on 80% of goods including key raw material like Iron ore and aluminum, plastic goods and certain kinds of machinery. The deal is likely to be operational from January 2009 when the signatories to the pact will begin cutting import tariff in phased manner, import duties on normal goods will be reduced to zero over a period of six years and on items in the sensitive list will have a partial tariff reduction over longer period of time. (The Economic challenger, pg 18).It look six long years for the two sides to conclude the negotiation of ROOs (Rules of generator). ROO means that goods exported from certain destination must have a minimum value addition in the country of origin of proportion specified. India has reportedly hold to have 35 percent value addition and changes in tariff at level of sub heading whereas in case of bilateral arrangements with individual countries like Thailand and Singapore, the rules specify 40% value addition and tariff changes at the level of headings. ROOs are major designer why negotiations between India and Thailand over expansion of items in FTA list are stalled.New Delhi fears that further relaxation of ROOs could lead to imports for third world via Tha iland that would, in turn, antagonize Indian industry. (www. bilaterals. org/article. php3? id_artilce=13650) India lowered its duties on crude palm oil (CPO) and refined palm oil to 37. 5 and 45% (against 80%) respectively. It has also agreed to lower duties on coffee and tea to 45% and pepper to 50% (against 100%). Under the pact India-ASEAN will eliminate import duties on 71% products by December 31, 2012 and another 9% by 2015.Duties on 8-10% products that have been kept in the sensitive list will also be brought down to 5%. India will keep 489 items in negative list of products to be excluded from tariff reduction commitments. Tariff rates in manufacturing goods in India is high whereas in major ASEAN countries are quite low. Therefore India is unlikely to get too much advantage because of tariff preference (The Economic Challenger, vol41, pg 18). On the other hand, the FTA is likely to allow the ASEAN countries to take advantage of the large gap between high Indian applied tar iff rates and the preferential rates.It is expected that agreement will open up considerable marketplace for ASEAN countries in Agriculture, electronics, motor car equipment and other light manufacturing goods in India. This way negatively affect domestic husbandman in agriculture and small and medium enterprises in light manufacturing including textile in India. There are reports that Asian development bank to contribute to a fund to help compensate industries that likely to be hit by Indo-Asean free trade agreement (Dasgupta and PAL, EPW Nov, 15, 2008). WHAT ARE EFFECTS OF SERVICE TRADE ON FTAThe crux of welfare gains from India ASEAN market integration does not rest on free trade in goods, but on free flow of service and investment. That is Indias service industries-IT services, design services and call operators-have long been a hub or source of outsourcing and off shoring from develop economies especially United States and the European Union. The India-ASEAN FTA that successf ully liberalises trade in service and investment will therefore provide economic opportunities companies in ASEAN countries to strengthen their competitiveness in orbicular market by fragmenting their production and establishing industrial clusters. www. bilaterals. org/article/phg3? id_article=13650). A treaty which involves services will be extremely important for India also because India sees a big market for its services export in ASEAN. India now is one of top exporters of services and according to WTO data it is ranked 10th in the world ahead of ASEAN countries like Singapore (ranked 16th), Thailand (ranked 27th) and Malaysia (ranked 20th). In 2006 reports of services from India were around $74 billion.India is particularly strong in Information technology enables services (ITES), professional services, telecommunication services, health care, financial services and distribution services. ASEAN is also big market for service imports. It is not importer of services and accor ding to WTO (2007), total imports of service by ASEAN members was close to $ 150 billion in 2006. To put this figure in perspective, US imports of services was around $ 300 billion in the same year. ASEAN also has a major export interest in some services sector. Tourism in one of the most important services trade for ASEAN countries.Apart from that they are major exporter of air transport, construction, logistics insurance and financial services. (Dasgupta and PAL, EPW Nov 15, 2008). When India and ASEAN kicked off negotiations on the bilateral FTA in 2002, they were supposed to finalize a comprehensive agreement that covers good, service and investment. However, regional grouping prevailed on India to conclude talks on goods first and then move on to services and investment. Indias trade with the ASEAN, its fourth largest trading partner after the EU, US and China has been growing at a compound annual growth rate of 27%.Bilateral trade stood at 38. 37 billion in 2007-08 and is proj ect to reach $ 48 billion in 2008-09. The agreement on services allow Indian service providers to access the ASEAN Market and set up operation there. The investment agreement in expected to work both ways in terms of attracting FDI from ASEAN member, especially Singapore and Malaysia, and providing opportunity to Indian companies in sectors like pharmaceuticals, coal mining and automobiles to invest in ASEAN region (Economic times, Jan 10, 2008).For a major region which has liberal policies for merchandise trade, services trade in ASEAN in highly regulated. As Karmakar (2005) points out, services trade in ASEAN in highly regulated for foreign suppliers but the restrictions are also there for intra ASEAN, trade. Efforts are be made to gradually integrate service trade among ASEAN members. The ASEAN Framework agreement on services (AFAS) provide broad framework to achieve this.The target is to make ASEAN a single market and production base through free flow of goods, services, invest ment, skilled labour and free flow of capital by 2015 (Dasgupta and Pal, EPW Nov 15, 2008). HOW muscularity SECURITY HELPFUL TO FTA? Apart from other items, closer economic and political ties with ASEAN are likely to held Indias quest for energy security. Indian position on global civilian nuclear cooperation received a boost as the 16 leaders of ASEAN and its dialogue partner signed what was described as landmark declaration on Energy security at the second East-Asia summit.The Cebu Declaration on Energy security was signed by leaders of East Asia summit-an evolving regional forum that includes the ASEAN and six dialogue partners (China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia and New Zealand). The declaration calls for reducing dependence on hydrocarbons and fossil fuel in the context of surge global crube oil prices and seeks to intensify the search for new and renewable energy resources and technologies with focus on civil nuclear power and biofuels (Thakurata, South Asian Journa l No 16, pg 107).India is heavily dependent on west Asia for oil imports, which is geopolitically tense part of the world. India is currently the worlds sixth largest energy consumer, and third largest oil and gas consumer in Asia after China and Japan. For India oil imports account for about 72% of total oil consumption of which 67% is being sourced from west Asia. thereof on external front India is pursuing diversification of supply sources and trying to significantly increase exploration of oil and gas. Among the ASEAN countries, India at present import crude oil from Malaysia and Brunei, which contributes 5. % of its total oil from Malaysia which comprises just 3. 5% of its total LPG import on the other hand, among the ASEAN countries, Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam have about 1% of total worlds proven oil reserves and 3% of the worlds proven gas reserves (Dasgupta and Pal, EPW Nov 15, 2008). CONCLUSION To conclude it can be said that the Indo ASEAN trade in goods agreement ma y not be beneficial for trade in short run but it can be thought of as a part of long runs strategy to improve Indias economic, and strategic presence in the neighbourhood.Though India shares a land border with Myanmar and maritime border with Indonesia and Thailand, the ASEAN countries has never been economically very close to India. In fact India and the ASEAN countries are not considered natural trading partners. This is indirect contrast to China which was established a distributed regional network of production and trade in this region. The Indo-ASEAN FTA can be perceived as an intial step towards increased economic integration of India with South east Asia.From a broader perspective, the Indo-ASEAN FTA can also be viewed as other cog in the wheel of increasing South-south cooperation. This is important because the world economic system is presently going through some significant changes. On the one hand there is severe economic showdown and major financial problem in the devel oped world. On the other hand there is talk of developing countries like China and India emerging as driver of southern economic growth. Though the impact of China on other developing countries is much stronger.India can play a complementary role. While China provides a big market for exports, via a manufacturing supply chain for other Asian countries, India can potentially become a hub of services-led growth. If India aspires to play a prominent role in global economy and Governance, increased cooperation with ASEAN make a smell out as a strategic move. BIBLIOGRAPHY Baru, Sanjay, India and ASEAN The Emerging States Relationship Towards a Bay of Bengal community. Indian Council for research on International Economic Relation, February, 2001.Chakraboti, Tribdib, India and Indo China states in the 21st century Challenges and opportunities World Focus Vol 347-348 Nov-Dec 2008. Dasgupta and Pal, Does a Free Trade Agreement with ASEAN make sense Economic and Political weekly. Nov 15, 2 008, Economic Times, January 27, 2009. Joseph and Parayil, India-ASEAN cooperation in Information and Communication Technology Issues and Prospects RIS Discussion paper (www. ries. org. in) Sharma, Madan Lal, India ASEAN Relation Third Concept Dec 2007, Vol 21. No 250. Sinha, Prabha Chandra, vade mecum of ASEAN and Regional Cooperation. 2th Summit and beyond 2007. Takhurata, Indias free Trade Agreement with ASEAN South Asian Journal, April June 2007, NO. 16. The Free Trade Agreement with ASEAN. The Economic Challenger 2008, No 11, issue 11. WEBSITES www. aseansec. org/4920. htm. www. artilcebase. com/politics_articles www. bilateral. org/rubrique. php3? id_rubriqu+159,13650,12959 www. econoimctimes. com www. e_pao. net/epsubpageextracts. asp? src=education. scientificpapersIndia-ASEANFTA. www. heindia_au. org/pr_072. html. www. indianmba. com/occasional_papers/OP104. op104. html

Law Enforcement Budget Process Essay

The scotch downturn of the past several years has been devastating to local economies and, by extension, their local law enforcement agencies. According to a report by the National Institute of Justice, the United States is currently experiencing the 10th economic decline since World War II (Wiseman 2011). The impact of this downturn will result in a change of how law enforcement ser wickednesss are delivered.As has been discussed by the COPS Office Director, Bernard Melekian, in a series of recent articles published in the residential area Policing Dispatch, expectations will non be lowered vindicatory because an agency now has fewer officers, or because the reckon is limited. Simply doing less spell waiting for local budgets to recover to pre-2008 levels is not a viable option. Law enforcement leaders are faced with budget contractions that are in adopt to identified in polar ways to deliver police services and, perhaps more importantly, articulate what the new public sa fety models will look like to their communities (Melekian 2011a).The effects of the economic downturn on law enforcement agencies may be felt for the near 510 years, or worse, permanently. These changes could be permanently driven not just by the economy, but by local government officials who determined that whollyocating 3050 percent of their general fund budgets for public safety cost is no longer a fiscal possibility (Melekian 2011b). While it appears that the economy is beginning to recover on the national level, most economists agree that local jurisdictions are excuse in decline and will continue to be so, at least in the short term.Due to the decline of tax revenues because of Foreclosures County and municipal budgets tend lag behind the general economy, which is one of the main source of funding for local agencies. Agencies are also faced with the budget realities, the current model for service tarwhich has been with us for the last 50 yearsis already starting to change, and will be forced to continue to change dramatically and rapidly in the next 35 years. Police departments birth been one of the affected by the current economic climate.Restricting revenues nationwide have forced local governments to postulate cuts in spending across the board, which has affected everything to include public safety operating budgets. However, while these budget cuts are threatening law enforcement jobs the responsibility to shell out and protect remain. There has been no methodical way of measuring the effect the economic downturn has had on police agencies across our nation. A good standard is how Nigeria has been experiencing difficulties in Budget implementation.The objective of the article was to present alternative forms of budgeting and after exposition on them, to recommend one that could mitigate budget implementation puzzle for Nigeria. Two types of budgeting addressed are incremental and zero-base. Under incremental budgeting, a certain percentage i s added or subtracted from previous periods figures to arrive at new periods budget. Under zero bases, every program is reevaluated for its merits, as if previous budgets never existed. The starting points are the results hoped to achieve, and every debate around budget implementation is done prior to passage.Zero base budgeting is analogous to marketing concept in terms of information requirement and zeroing in on customized needs. To the extent that zero base budgeting plans, executes and controls, it serves as a management tool. Nigerias budgeting has been incremental, overly politicized and not carried out by experts, but merely establish on benchmark price and quota of daily oil production. Factors militating against proper budgeting in Nigeria are distortions in fiscal transparency. Budget implementation in Nigeria is a critical problem. legion(predicate) have blamed our poor socio-economic and infrastructural development on low degree of budget implementation, which is a res ult of incremental budgeting mould. The paper therefore recommends zero based budgeting to Nigeria at all levels (GJSS, 2012). Sometimes inefficiencies result due to poor integration of the finance and strategy. Budgeting and performance are typically overseen by the finance department, whereas planning s coordinated by strategy department. Often, the two processes arent well integrated,resulting in strategies that are often dictated by the budget process instead of vice versa (Gary 2003). The reason for this could be that everyone involved may be attempting to accomplish the same goals, but also trying to make sure that the outcome will be beneficial to them, much(prenominal) as a substantial bonus or a reward. A budget motorbike refers to the whole process from the commencement of evolution a budget to the execution of the final charge on the budget. Since the majority of the budgets are prepared for a one year period, budget cycles cover the costs and expenditures for a perio d of one year.However, there are budget cycles that run for more than one year period. Government budgets have a budget cycle of at least 18 months from the conception of the various departments budgets to the time the appropriation bills are signed into law (Hyde, 2001). The initial steps of the budget cycle induce place in the various departments and agencies. The program officers in the various departments compile all information that is necessary in the preparation of the budget. The budget cycle culminates with the chairs budget application to the Congress.This often takes place in February (USDOJ, 2011). A budget refers to a list of premeditated revenues and expenses. It represents a tool for savings and expenditure. A budget can also be defined as an organizational plan that is stated in monetary terms. It is used as a street map for conducting the activities, objectives, assumptions, and strategies of an organization. A budget cycle is comprised of various stages. Budget planning for the new fiscal year marks the first step of the budget cycle, while closing and carry forward activities mark the end of a budget cycle (Hyde, 2001).The steps outlined below are steps of a ingest governments budget cycle Budget submissions this entails the submission of the budget plans to the respective Budget Offers in various government departments. The budgets are reviewed and approved. Budget thanksgiving this entails the executive committee approving the budget. The Initial Budget Authorizations are then submitted to the respective supervisors who address the respective cost items. Global Changes the salaries are adjusted so that they reflect salary increases that are permitted by the Salary Subcommittee and the Human Resources subdivision.Closing this entails the closure of the budgets at the end of the fiscal year. Carry forwards it entails carrying forward all the unspent money to the following fiscal year. This marks the last step in the budget cycle. In m ost instances, law enforcement management prepares master budget for the coming year. The master budget includes the projected expenses and maintenance which is incorporated in the master budget and other smaller budgets such as training, overtime, marketing, administrative, and departmental budgets.By establishing an operating and pecuniary budget for a forthcoming period, management can identify problems in advance. This can be maintained by forecasting for future predictions. A forecast is a reflection of the future. When forecasting is taken into account, two key aspects to consider are cash budgets and expenditure forecast. In most instances, budgets are and should be prepared for a future period such as an oncoming accounting or financial year. They are detailed by accommodate or months. Typically, annual budgets are not altered once the year begins.However, budgets should not be rigid so as to prevent timely actions if need arises. Instead, budgets should only act as a gui de rather than a restriction. However, there are rare circumstances when an annual budget should be revise such as due to a radical change in the business environment. Budgets are also important for obtaining funding since they portray an organizations capacity to the lending institutions and financiers. Additionally, budgets are important management tools, they aid in setting milestones that need accountability to achieve, and aid an organization in identifying risks and establishing benchmarks.Thus, budgets facilitate the process of making adjustments to avoid risks, and to measure the benchmarks. Understanding the significance of budgeting marks the first step towards successful financial planning. It plays a significant role in the strategic planning process by an organization. It outlines the future financial goals and needs of an organization such as technological needs, overhead needs, financial requirements, and capital betterments. I have a very strong opinion that budgetin g should not be scrapped, rather be modified to meet the current business environment.Organizations would have to restructure hire programs so that managers no longer have an incentive to favors short-term goals over the longer-term. Budgeting will have to be flexible to be able to be adjusted from time to time to reflect changes in organizational goals and the economic environment. Again, accounting department should be responsible for compiling only budget information they should not determine the budgeting process. Management, through the planning process should determine the budget, and all departments should be included in the process. Budgeting should be both top down and bottom up i.e. upper level management and middle level management will both work to finalize a budget. We can streamline the budgeting process by developing a financial model. Financial models can facilitate what if analysis so we can assess decisions before they are made. This can dramatically improve the b udgeting process. One of the biggest challenges within financial planning and budgeting is how do we make it value-added. Budgeting requires clear channels of communication, support from upper-level management, participation from various personnel, and predictive characteristics.Budgeting should not strain for accuracy, but should strive to support the decision making process. If we focus too much on accuracy, we will end-up with a budgeting process that incurs time and costs in excess of the benefits derived. The challenge is to make financial planning a value-added activity that helps the organization achieve its strategic goals and objectives. In locate for department to compensate for narrowing budget, many law enforcement officer have had to learn how to focus on what can they can sacrifice from their normal lifestyle in order to spark off the reduction in getable spending.Some of these sacrifices have included families foregoing summer vacations, or shopping in discount s tores instead of department stores they are accustomed too. However, today law enforcement agencies are faced with the difficult task of maintaining the same service that their communities expect despite the extreme reduction in available resources. And, in order for them to deliver the same high level of protection and emergency responsiveness that the communities depend on, law enforcement agencies must find new and originative techniques to address those needs in cost-effective and maintainable way.Agencies must have a good understanding of how budgeting marks the first step towards successful financial planning. Budgeting has a significant role in the strategic planning process by any organization. It provides the framework for future financial goals and the needs of an organization such as technical equipment like laptops, radios, and side arms. It also shows the overhead needs, and departmental financial requirements. It can also outline the costs involved in order to get the resources that are required to meet their financial goals. Developing abudget is an important tool for determining the departments performance, in incite the upper-management, other members of staff, and measuring the results towards accomplishing the organizations financial goal. References Gary, L (2003) Breaking the Budget Impasse. Pg 3, Retrieved September 30, 2013, Idio, U. S. (2012). THE BUDGET AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL cryptograph BASE BUDGETING, PANACEA TO BUDGET IMPLEMENTATION IN NIGERIA. Global Journal of Social Sciences, 11(1), 1-7. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/1036581432? accountid=32521 http//www. cops. usdoj.gov/files/RIC/Publications/e101113406_Economic%20Impact. pdf Melekian, B. , (2011a). Directors Message. Community Policing Dispatch vol. 4, no. 3. http//cops. usdoj. gov/html/ withdraw/03-2011/DirectorMessage. asp. Melekian, B. , (2011b). Directors Column July 2011. Community Policing Dispatch vol. 4, no. 7. http//cops. usdoj. gov/html/dispatch/ 07-2011/DirectorMessage. asp. Wiseman, J. , (2011). Strategic Cutback Management Law Enforcement Leadership for Lean Times. Research for Practice, Washington, D. C. U. S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, NCJ 232077.

About Chinese Festival Essay

Do you know the most(prenominal) famous Festival of china? Have you ever comprehend about that Korea has conflict with China in the customal cultural field? In order to call on people to realize the grandeur of Chinese own handed-down culture and Cultural Identity, the research paper writes about Chinese Traditional culture, and make a questionnaire about ten questions to investigate people.By introducing the festivals and asking the questions, it tends to accomplish the goal that makes more and more young people know What is calculus Boat Festival? Dragon Boat Festival belongs to China Why the traditional culture is important? As what mentioned above, there is a conflict about Dragon Boat Festival between China and Korea. Korea supplied Dragon Boat Festival to be its own World Culture Heritage successfully.It plants that the young generation needs to improve the cultural identity and Chinese governance needs to pay more attention about the part of traditional culture. Chines e government should be awake to make more useful policies to circulate Chinese own traditional culture and cherish it. In Culture field, enhancing the national cohesion is an important strategic task. This research report will fork out the survey about Chinese Traditional Culture and the further questions.Literature Review Background and historyThe origin of Dragon Boat Festival centers approximately a scholarly government official named Qu Yuan. He was a good and respected man, but because of the misdeeds of jealous rivals he eventually fell into disfavor in the emperors court. Unable to regain the respect of the emperor, in his sorrow Qu Yuan threw himself into the Mi Luo River.He drowned on the ordinal day of the fifth lunar month in 277 BC. Since ancient times, Chinese people threw into the water dumpling made of glutinous rice wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves on the day. Therefore, the fish would eat the rice rather than the hero Qu Yuan. This later on turned into the custom of consume Zong zi, and Dragon Boat racing.Nowadays, the young people in China always celebrate the festivals which ar from western they are not interested in the festivals from their own country. This is a social problem that needs to be solved. In order to pass on the traditional culture in incompatible forms, the governmentneeds to do a lot of works from numerous different ways. Purpose of research1. In order to make everyone know the Chinese Traditional Festivals. 2. Disseminating Traditional Culture.3. To call on the people to realize the importance of the Traditional Culture. 4. To make government pay more attention about this part.5. To prevent the loss of traditional culture Inclusion- Exclusion CriteriaThe inclusion criteria are liberal, including newspapers, diary articles, conference papers, unpublished manuscripts, books, book chapters. The resources that do not mentioned issues related to Chinese Traditional Festivals or the importance of the traditional culture a re excluded. Literature pursuitUpon entering the keywords Chinese Traditional Festivals and the importance of culture, there are many databases in library. And there are few books as well. Table 1 includes a listing and sum-up of each of them.Table 1 comparison Table of literature reviewAuthor(s)Page NumberMethodologyTypePurpose and summaryShaorong Huang19 numericalArticleTo examine Chinese Traditional Festivals. China is a country with an ancient oriental civilization. Its long history and fine tradition have provided it with the most fertile soil for the growth of the traditional festivals. Zhang Zhiyuan13quantitativeArticleThis article presents a brief account of traditional Chinese festival customs. The Chinese traditional festival customs reflect traditional ethics and moral principles. The ancient Chinese paid great attention to worshipping nirvana and ancestors. To make people know the traditional culture. Kent, Dave24quantitativeArticleThis article presents a brief accoun t of traditional Chinese festival customs. The Chinese traditional festival customs reflect traditional ethics and moral principles. The ancient Chinese paid great attention to worshipping Heaven and ancestors.Liu Lian43quantitativeArticleThe article focuses on the Dragon Boat Festival, a world intangible cultural heritage, which is celebrated by all Chinese on the fifth day of the fifth month of the Chinese lunar calendar. The two most important activities during the festival are presented which are the dragon boat racing and the eating of rice dumplings, but also include burning Chinese herbs and drinking realgar liquor. The origin of the festival, which was a way for people to avoid the back luck associated with the date, is discussed.Wong, shadow31quantitativeArticleThe article presents instruction on the history of dragon boat racing in China. The dragon boat race is a growing water sport. Dirlik, Arif22quantitativeArticleThis article reflects on the existence of the differen t culture of Chinese. He added that culture can be silent in its material aspect which leads inevitably to the privilege of having difference as a condition of cultural existenceMethodologyThe method of this research is quantitative, and most of information in the research is subjective. The populations are befitting for this research is better from different counties. Different countries, genders, ages, and identities could supply different view of points to the questions, which the research asks. It is beaver that the participants from different counties, so that the research could study more further about the different perspectives from different counties people.And it will be best if the participants are interesting in Chinese traditional culture that could be very helpful to the results. Actually, the participants are about the students from University Massachusetts of Lowell. Most of them are males, and all of them are between 18-25 years old. As the limitation, the samplin g of survey is not very wide, and the samples of this research are all students from University Massachusetts of Lowell. Half of them are randomly select from Email. And few of the samples are detective asked to review and answer the questionnaire. Contend of questionnaireThe content of questionnaire includes much information. And it can be classified into three parts. The first part is to ask about basic information of participants, such as age, gender, nationality. It intends to analyze the feedbacks from different aspects of ages, genders, nationalities. The second part is to ask some simple questions about China to the participants, and it intends to differentiate whether the participants know the situation and telescope well or not.It could help researcher get clearly information from participants. The last part is to ask some further questions about Chinese traditional culture, like Have you ever heard of the event about Dragon Boat Festival happened between Chinaand Korea? Which policy do you think is best to protect the traditional culture? Each of this kind of question gives four options, and it intends to get the different perspectives about Chinese traditional culture. Types of questionThere are three types of questions in the questionnaire, and the first one is demographic question. It asks the participants about the gender, age, and nationality. The second type of question is open question. It asks the participants for their own view of point to the questions, which are applicable to Chinese traditional culture. The third type of question is closed question. It gives four or more options for participants to choose one, which could express their own opinion appropriately.The reactions of respondents are almost about that the participants who come from foreign counties cannot clearly comprehend the meaning or effect of the cultural problem of China and some background history. And most of the participants show their interest of Chinese traditiona l foods. Actually, besides the participants who are Chinese, the other people are hardly to answer some further questions about policy of protect culture, as they lack the background knowledge about China and Chinese society.There were some grammar mistakes in the question and option of the questionnaire. According to the questionnaire is not exactly for Chinese students to answer, it is better to add some background make everyone understand more clearly. Data collection proceduresThe procedure of collecting data is better to brisk well. The first tincture is to organize the questions and options clearly, making sure that is easy to understand and answer. The second step is that no matter the way researcher choose to survey, preparing full questionnaires for backup, avoiding the situation that there is no more questionnaire for participant.The third step is to survey. Give the questionnaire to participants by Email and printout. The fourth step is to wait for the participants to give the questionnaires back. The sixth step is to calculate the total participants and analyze the responses of questionnaires. Justification

Impact of the invention of Automobiles Essay

The institution of automobile has been one of the most significant factors that have contributed towards the transformation of the world. Before the excogitation of automobile it was very difficult and clipping consuming to travel from one place to another. Man has become the master of his throw time due to the automobile. Now he can plan his own schedules and manage his time more efficiently and constructively.Automobile gave a boost to the world economy. Petroleum was a product that was in abundance but was generally unused. With the invention of automobile it started getting used and also boosted the living standards of the people of the countries in which it is available the most for e.g. the Middle Eastern countries. Though there was exuberant living space in all the continents of the world, people used to live clustered in the locality that was neargonst to their work.As a result those working in factories used to live close to it despite the health hazards it created. W ith the invention of the automobile people were able to cut down their health risks by paltry away to cleaner places with better air to breathe and yet manage to report to work within the stipulated time minus any hassles that earlier abundant distance traveling encompassed. All the services got fast. The firemen, the doctor, and the policeman can all reach on time and get on with their work that is extremely urgent. galore(postnominal) newer services got created for e.g. the courier service that thrives on the benefits laid down by the invention of automobile. Hence the socio-economic condition of the world has got totally and positively transformed with the invention of the automobile. But sadly there have also been certain negative outcomes of the invention of the automobile. The number of deaths on roads has increased due to this modern necessity. in any case the world has become a much more polluted place to live in because of the toxic fumes that automobiles create.However, if we compare the negative and positive impacts of the invention of automobile on the world at large then we cannot deny the fact that the positive impacts outshine the negative impacts. The best part is that if human beings are careful then these negative impacts can be shunned completely. Man cannot think living without the automobile and perhaps its invention is the best thing that has happened to the world.ReferencesColorado.edu. (2009). Negative push of the Automobile. Retrieved Jun. 1, 2009 from http//l3d.cs.colorado.edu/systems/agentsheets/New-Vista/automobile/negative.htmlNosotoro, R. (2007). Impact of the Automobile. Retrieved Jun. 1, 2009 from http//www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/essays/cot/t4w32automobile.htm

Boy Soldiers in the First World War

A. Plan of Investigation The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate how allowing small soldiers to bear on affected Kitcheners the States during the First World War. To examine this, the investigation will focus on the increase of soldiers in Britains army, and out of those, how legion(predicate) were under the required recruit workforcet age of 18. Also, the increase in casualties that occurred due to inexperienced, underage soldiers will be assessed. Lastly, the genial issues that arose due to unseasoned boys being allowed on the Western Front will be examined.The investigation will be conducted using a variety of sources, the main source being Boy Soldiers of the bully War by Richard Van Emden, which will be evaluated for its origins, purposes, values and limitations. B. Summary of Evidence Increased Enlistment Rates in Kitcheners Army ?During August of 1914, Britains Army had approximately 750,000 men ? noble Kitchener (Field-Marshall) needed at least a nonher 500, 000 soldiers to commove in the war. In August 1914, Lord Kitchener started an intense recruitment campaign that used many propaganda posters saying things alike(p) Your Country Needs You and A rally To Arms which encouraged many men and youths to enlist. ?By September 1914, all over 500,000 men had enlisted to Britains Army ? It is approximated that a quarter of those soldiers were under the required recruitment age of eighteen. ?These boys enlisted for many reasons to fulfill their give birth patriotism, to get married friends who were also enlisting, or to purge get away from their own parents. By the end of the war, more than a quarter of a million boy soldiers fought for Britain in World War One. Increased Casualties Due to Inexperienced Underage Soldiers ?Many soldiers would become emotionally and physically unstable when facing the horrors of war, and experience pulsate floor. ?Especially in underage boys who were non used to witnessing death, soldiers would panic a nd act hysterically ? Many soldiers who suffered from shell shock would run from the trenches, and be penalize for desertion or cowardice. ?Over 300British soldiers were court-martialed and executed by fellow British soldiers ? Young (and old) soldiers resorted to suicide in the trenches, due to shell shock, however the exact numerate of suicides is not known because it is too hard to track ? Training for all soldiers was a short period of time before heading off to the preceding lines, and for soldiers under age eighteen, no amount of training could prepare them mentally of physically for trench warfare ? Because of their lack of training, young soldiers were usually not the surmount soldiers and would be killed easilyIncrease of Social Concern ?Many boy soldiers joined the army without congress their parents, so mothers and fathers were very worried, and wanted their sons to be sent back category ? Sir Arthur Markham (Liberal MP for Mansfield) was known for fighting througho ut the duration of World War One, to get the underage soldiers sent back home to their families ? Not only were the parents of the young boys concerned, but people in general were hearing gruesome stories of war, and were upset that boys as young as fourteen were involved D. AnalysisDuring World War One, over 8 million brave soldiers fought for Britain, all of them at various ages and stages of their lives. During Lord Kitcheners recruitment campaign in 1914 , thousands of soldiers enlisted for a variety of reasons. Out of these soldiers, more than 250,000 of them were under the age of eighteen . Boy soldiers that had been allowed to enlist affected Kitcheners Army because of increased recruitment rates, a rise in casualties due to inexperienced, underage soldiers, and a growing social concern about these young boys.By August 1914, Britains Army was in desperate need of more men to fight against the Germans . Throughout the same month, the field-marshall at that time, Lord Kitchener , launched a forceful campaign to recruit soldiers by using propaganda posters with phrases like Your Country Needs You and A Call To Arms. This campaign was extremely successful and by September of 1914 the recruitment rates of the army increased significantly. Not only had hundreds of thousands of men enlisted, but boys had been allowed to join as well.These young boys chose to lie about their age and enlist for a variety of reasons their own sense of patriotism, wanting to follow friends/family into war, pressure from their own cities and towns, and even wanting to get away from austere parents . At this point of World War One, expanding Britains Army was the primary goal, not necessarily recruiting the right suit of soldier. Although these underage men were beneficial to Lord Kitcheners Army by augmenting the number of combatants, these boys were still extremely young, and had not fathomed the horrors of war.After soldiers had officially joined, all men and boys were report to an exceedingly short period of time dedicated to training , after which they would immediately be sent to the front lines. For soldiers that were as young as 14 years old, no amount of training could prepare them physically or mentally for trench warfare. As a result of this, there was an increase in casualties within Kitcheners Army because boy soldiers were usually not the best fighters, and would be killed easily. Also, many youths were not used to witnessing death and would experience shell shock in the trenches .One young boy set forth his experiences in the trenches , saying, It was hell, absolute hell. By not taking the time to verify a soldiers age, and not allowing for a more extensive training period, Lord Kitchener unknowingly sent these young soldiers to their deaths, deaths that could gull been prevented. We were doing things we knew nothing about. stated on sixteen-year-old. This hell earlier described would cause soldiers to panic, act hysterically, run from the trenches, or even commit suicide.These unfortunate injuries and deaths demonstrated how Lord Kitchener seemed to favour quantity over quality, which, in a soldiers sense, is a poor idea. These unnecessary casualties affected Kitcheners Army, not only in a numerical way, but it also produced a great social concern, which, in turn, affected the British Army. Seeing as the required recruitment age was eighteen, a majority of the boy soldiers joined Kitcheners Army without telling their parents, causing much worry amongst the families of these young boys. The British peoples view on the government and the British Army changed and thought that by allowing nderage boys into the army, Families have been tricked, deceived, and lied to, in the most scandalous and un-English fashion. This worry then turned into anger, and families started fighting to get their sons off of the Western Front and back home. This presented a right issue to the British Army because, according to the enlistment laws, allowing underage soldiers into the army was against the law, and they had not only numerous upset families writing them earn regarding their sons, but several politicians had started a campaign to bring the young boys home.One of the most well known political leaders of this campaign was liberal MP Sir Arthur Markham who continually questioned Lord Kitchener and the Under Secretary of War what they were going to about these underage boys in the trenches, and insisted that no system of enlistment can be satisfactory which allows boys like that to be taken. By allowing these immature boys to enter into World War One, Kitcheners Army lost support from his own country, as the general public would not tolerate sending innocent boys into such a harsh environment.

Stoning

Human Rights explore Task kill In Iran Daleen Conradie 11(O) You argon a forgiving being. You occupy rights inherent in that reality. You concord dignity and worth that exists prior to police force. Lyn Beth Neylon Definitions Human Rights Human rights argon the basic exemptions as well as rights that all gentlemans gentleman beings atomic number 18 entitled to. These human rights include the right to life, freedom of thought and verbal expression as well as equality. Human Rights Violation A violation of Human Rights is when soul has been discriminated against or has made it un adequate to(p) for psyche to receive their basic freedoms or rights. Cultural RelativismCultural Relativism is the rule when mortals activities and beliefs give way to be understood correspond to their own individual cultures. Religious Relativism Religious Relativism is the principle when someones activities and beliefs have to be understood according to their own individual religions. Ston ing In Iran What is Stoning? Stoning is a way of punishment where stones be thrown at the victim until they die. As a group complete this punishment no one can be held responsible for killing the soul. This form of execution can be seen as a form of torture as it is long-playing than other forms.It is also said to be one of the oldest forms of execution that has been practiced in m either an(prenominal) areas of the instauration however most commonly in the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa. There are authorized(a) crimes that by the law of the country or community are punishable by closing from kill. If someone is accused and it is agreed by the people in power of the community they are put to ending by lapidate, even if at that place is no demonstrate to support the accusation. If the victim is a male they are buried up till their waste while a female is buried up until her shoulders. They are then thrown with stones by the volunteers in the community.These stones are picked specially to their size as they must be able to face physical pain without causing death immediately. The stoning lasts until the person has died which on reasonable is between 10 to 20 minutes. The family of the victim are forced to watch as well as sometimes take come apart. It all depends on what the punishment entails. The law of stoning however also allows the person to go free if they are able to escape however this is not always followed as many that escape are then shot. Human Rights Violation When someone does not allow them to have their human rights it is seen as they treat them as if they are less than human.It creates the sense that they do not deserve admire or dignity. All individuals are entitled to justice, life and physical safety in order to change by reversal in a safe and nurturing environment. There are many ways to violate rights but governments have created laws to restrict the crimes against humanity however individuals as well certain groups of people till break these law for their own selfish reasons. Unfair trial In cases of stoning the judges are allowed to someone reprobate someone to stoning without asking for permission from the government as well as often without establishment of the crime.Iran law allows a judge to sentence someone based on their knowledge. This means that someone result be put to death not based on evidence but rather on the feelings of the judge. This means that many cases are unfairly tried. Abuse towards Women Right to life, liberty, and security of person without distinction of any kind, including sex (Articles 2 and 3 of the UDHR) (http//www. stop-stoning. org/node/10) Most of the victims of stoning are women who have been discriminated due to their statutes, usance or values.In actions that can be seen as violating normal behaviour, women are more likely to be designate the guilt especially in the cases of adultery. The women in these relationships have a higher chance of being la pidate to death while the men will receive less severe or even no punishment. Cultural or Religious Context In past history, stoning has been seen as tradition in many cultures and religions including Jewish and Greek communities. Stoning now is associated with Islam and Islamic cultures however there is no watch of stoning in these their religion book, the Quran (religious text of Islam. The only mention is implied in the Hadith (narrations concerning the spoken language and deeds of the Islamic prophet Muhammad) when the Prophet Muhammad dealt with the Jewish Law. There have been many debates within Islamic religious communities as well as many people have spoken out against stoning saying it humiliates and defames Islam even though it is not authentic as Islamic Law. Due to this many Muslim nations have now banned death by stoning however there are salvage many countries that either under law or due to the community still uses stoning as a form of punishment.In Iran many Mu slim people believe that stoning can be seen as Islamic however there is no proof to show that this is part of either religion. Effects on Society due to Violation of Human Rights As there is an unfair intervention the people in the community then become afraid as well as they are unable to attempt their innocence due to them being convicted based on a feeling of the judge. The people within the golf-club red-hot in fear and therefore there is then no unity in the community. Friends are lost during stoning as they can be the ones who are throwing the rocks. Women are treated the worse as they are seen as weaker and less important.This means that the word of men over power those of women. If a women is able to prove her innocence yet a man is has evidence to prove she is shamefaced even if the evidence it is not sufficient, the word from men will be taken and women will be punished. The violation of human rights creates an environment of fear and discrimination. How Violations o f Human Rights Restrict the Dignity and Development of Human Beings Dignity is a bourne used in moral, honorable, and political discussions to signify that a being has an innate right to respect and ethical treatment. en. wikipedia. org/wiki/DignityWhen someone does not receive their human rights they lose a part of being a human being. Those who violate rights take away something from creation they do not give them the respect or treatment that they deserve which means that they do not have dignity. It has been taken away from them with no reason. The effect of this is that the person can then live in fear or they do not fully beat as they do not have the basic forms of security. Unfair trials or accusations mean that humans are not treated as equal. They need to have certain material objects or statuses in caller in order to receive treatment that they deserve.They are not seen as innocent until proven guilty they are seen as guilty based on one persons opinion. When women ar e maltreat or seen as less superior they are also not treated as equal. They are discriminated against which can make them feel worthless. This can cause them to be unable to fully grow and climb up into independent human beings as they have not been given the opportunity to achieve their full potential. When humans grow up in hard situations they are more prone to making wrong live decisions or they just do what they are told as they have not be receptive to the freedom of making their own choice.Unique cases show how the human spirit cant always be depleted so these people are able to fully develop however if they are never exposed to this hope, to certain human rights, they will conform and live by societies rules even if it mean stoning someone to death. As of 2010, stoning is still practiced in Saudi Arabia Afghanistan Somalia Nigeria Sudan Iraq Iran If cultural and religious practice is saved by the constitution, do you believe that it is then acceptable/ justifiable to pr actice the specific example you have researched. Certain cultural and religious practices are protected by the constitution as they are protect the human rights that state one is allowed to practice the religion or culture they chose without being discriminated against. However there has to be a balance between human rights and beliefs as one cant go bad one of them as they are both protected by the constitution. There have been many negotiations between these two points of view and many religions and countries have reached an agreement. This is not however.Stoning is seen as part of the Islam cultures however it is not give tongue to in the Quran. This means that the cultural and religious point of view is not justifiable as stoning is not a religious practice. Many of the countries where stoning still takes place, such as Iran and Afghanistan, are part of the International Convention of Civil and Political Rights. Article 6 of the ICCPR states that in countries which have not ab olished the death penalty, sentence of death may be imposed only for the most serious crimes (http//www. stop-stoning. rg/node/10) criminal conversation is not a serious crime however people are still executed cause of these crimes as well as they are tortured which is a violation of the Human Rights, ICCPR and the Law of certain countries. If a cultural and religious practice is protected by the constitution it can be accepted to practice it if it is within the boundaries of human rights as human rights are also protected by the constitution. oddment by stoning is not a religious practice therefore it isnt protected by this part of the constitution as well as stoning for the crime of adultery is not allowed according to agreements made.Bibliography Information oregonstate. edu/instruct/anth370/gloss. hypertext mark-up language en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cultural_relativism wordnetweb. princeton. edu/perl/webwn http//www. iran-e-azad. org/stoning/ en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Human_Right s_(Women_in_Armed_Forces)_Amendment_Act_2007 http//community. babycenter. com/post/a22865769/the_stoning_of_suraya_m. http//rayharris57. files. wordpress. com/2009/12/human-rights-day. jpg http//science. jrank. org/pages/9933/Law-Human-Dignity. htmlhttp//www. stop-stoning. org/node/13 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/AdulteryStoning en. wiktionary. rg/wiki/human_rights en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Human_rights http//www. quotegarden. com/h-rights. html http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Hadith http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Dignity en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Rights http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Human_rights http//www. stop-stoning. org/node/10 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Stoning http//www. dhushara. com/book/sakina/stoningetc/stoning. htm Bibliography Information http//www. unglobalcompact. org/aboutthegc/thetenprinciples/humanRights. html http//civilliberty. about. com/od/capitalpunishment/ig/Types-of-Executions/Death-by-Stoning. tm http//www. worldinconversation. org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/f reedom. jpg http//meydaan. net/English/showarticle. aspx? arid=133&cid=46 http//answers. yahoo. com/question/index? qid=20100706003525AASKrvg http//hubpages. com/hub/The-Stoning-of-Women-in-Iran-Its-global-impact http//www. nypost. com/p/blogs/capitol/message_for_president_obama_regarding_5uChiwg2KiCzjn7V3OnxyM http//www. unglobalcompact. org/aboutthegc/thetenprinciples/humanRights. html http//www. beyondintractability. org/essay/human_rights_violations/

Coca Cola Brand Building Strategy

Introduction- coca- locoweed is a change soft drink sold in stores, bearaurants and vending machines internation every(prenominal)y. The coca- the skinny Company claims that the beverold age is sold in to a greater extent than 200 countries. It is produced by The Coca-Cola Company in Atlanta, Georgia, and is ofttimes referred to simply as Coke or (in European and American countries) as cola, pop, or in some parts of the U. S. , soda.Origin entirelyy intended as a patent medicine when it was invented in the late 19th century by John Pemberton, Coca-Cola was bought let on by argumentman As a Griggs Candler, whose marketplaceing tactics led Coke to its dominance of the universe of discourse soft-drink market through away the 20th century. The society produces concentrate, which is then sold to licensed Coca-Cola bottlers throughout the globe. The Coca-Cola Company has, on occasion, introduced former(a) cola drinks under the Coke put up name.The most common of these is Diet Co ke, with another(prenominal)s including Caffeine-Free Coca-Cola, Diet Coke Caffeine-Free, Coca-Cola Cherry, Coca-Cola Zero, Coca-Cola Vanilla, and specific editions with lemon, lime or coffee. Brand mannequining strategy - Brand teaching strategy of Coca Cola has been far reaching and has managed to remain in the limelight ever since it became a favorite with the non alcoholic drinkers. It has been notice that mail committedness is an important factor in maintaining the number one position.Founded in the year 1886, the Coca Cola ac high society enjoys the status of being one of the biggest non alcoholic beverage companies of the world. It has a distribution system, which makes it uncomparable from the rest of the non alcoholic beverage manufacturers. Over the years, Coca Cola has passed several tests of tarnish enhancement and the ships company makes it a point that the harvestings under the banner Coca Cola continue to invade the capitulums of the consumers. The cross discipline strategy of Coca Cola comprised redesigning of its sign provement policies and techniques to keep up with the changing mindset of its consumers.Earlier, this brand believed in the following Afford ability Availability Acceptability However, this brand maturement strategy of Coca Cola was re worked to stress on the following instead Price value Preference distributive penetration. The essence of brand building of the company lies in the fact that it wants its consumers overtureibility to be indoors an arms reach of desire. In an attempt to build its brand individuality, as many as 20 brand attributes atomic number 18 tested every month involving as many as 4000 customers.The brand development strategy of Coca Cola is effective as it has been able to construct, manage As well as maintain its brand image. Another reason why this brand has gained unanimous acceptance all most the globe is due to the fact that it has been able to connect very well with its co nsumers. This implies brand doglikety. Brand loyalty has been instrumental in keeping up the brand image of Coca Cola. It believes in shelling out the best so that the consumers argon retained by default. A part of the brand building technique is also to enhance purchase frequency.The company has also invested in various advertisement campaigns often engaging the service of celebrities around the globe. In addition to the consumers, thither is another category of consumers, who increase the consumer imbruted and they constitute the collectors of the brand. The collectors usually indulge in collecting old as well as upcoming logos of Coca Cola, bottles and literary matter. With regard to the brand development of Coca Cola Zero, the company came out with an advertisement, which was quite assorted from the conventional ones.In this regard, (no calorie beverage), it has shelled out three types of crops. Coca Cola guiltless Diet Coke Coca Cola Zero. There atomic number 18 few e xperts who believe that when Coca Cola had the tag line of The Real Thing, it was really that but with the invention of various categories of coke, the real occasion changes to many things, and the original flavor is usually lost. Hence, the brand building strategies should be such that it does not flurry flock and is able to retain consumers despite the fact that several new-made non alcoholic beverage firms be on the anvil. The Power of Brand AccessibilityIf you were another soft drink company, you might define your matched frame of reference as the cola market or the soft drink market or even the beverage market. But Coke thinks of its business and its market look at in terms of share of human liquid consumption. This makes water a competitor. In fact, a Coke executive has said that he wont be satisfied until there is a Coca-Cola faucet in every home. Coca-Colas mantra is within an arms reach of desire. One Final Coca-Cola Fact A recent Coca-Cola yearbook report report ed that the second most recognized expression in the world after ok? is Coca-Cola. Brand Equity- The brand assets (or liabilities) linked to a brands name and symbol that add from a service. Brand fairness is difficult to measure because much of it depends on consumers perception and opinions of a brand. When a product has lavishly brand equity they are prospered at retaining their current customers by keeping them satisfied with the tonus of products and service. They are also successful at attracting new customers who have heard of the brand through successful merchandising or word of mouth. Coca-Colas brand equity is difficult to measure because they have extended their brand to allow in legion(predicate) products.In addition to the numerous of versions of Coca-Cola worldwide that compete against other beverage brands, Coca-Cola competes with itself. Nationally there are numerous versions / brands that are a part of the Coca-Cola family. Some of the brands include Coca-Co la Classic, Dasani Water, Full Throttle, Fanta, and Soy Products. In addition to competing against itself the Coca-Cola Company has saturated the market and consumers who whitethorn dislike one product may very enjoy a different Coca-Cola product. However, the consumer may be unaware that the beverage is actually in the Coca-Cola family.As a result measuring stick brand equity may be difficult as consumers may be loyal and repeat customers of a brand and not know its origin. Coca Cola was taking its core product, Coke, and expanding the product in new form factors and new overseas markets. The brand promise stayed the like whether it was sold in a Coke store in spic-and-span York or a path side stand in Mongolia refreshment, good times, and pure Americana. Despite the numerous brands and the difficulty in measuring brand equity it is evident that Coca-Cola has high brand equity.They are a company who has been in business for many years they have gained the business of consum ers in the soda market as well as numerous other beverage markets nationally and internationally. Their sales and growth show that they are a successful company Brand indistinguishability the brand identity is the audio-visual face of the brand the cues that tell you that you are are in the right place. The brand exposition is the formal description of what the brand stands for within different description categories its personalisedity, its value, its stories, its excited benefits etc..The brand proposition is the deal the brand is offering you at any given moment the coca-cola comp. has long been recognised as an organisation with probatory brand equity with over four four hundread brands available in virtually every nook and crany of the world . the flag ship brand of coca cola has stood the rest of the time over 120 years. Infact coca-cola alone is recognized as the most valuable in the world by the gazeed inter brand corportionvalued at above US $ 67 billion , the coca-c ola brand (coke)has become effectively become a part of modern world culture. hough its advertising campaign has changed over the years,coca-cola THE REAL TASTE has always stood for aREAL COLA DRINK with authenticity . the identity has been build by an decade with consistent values and diferentiated elements. umteen competitors have aim at cokes but the brand continues to command a number one position world(prenominal)y in ranking of brand equity. After all If u stand for the real thing every competitor is an imitator. the Coca-Cola bottle design differentiated the identity, the easier it is to cherish from infringement. Just coca cols has remained to its time tested identity u have the equallly relivant to you.This brand identity should debate your own unique equity and care essence this will ensure your brand creativity and identity that is meaning ful and sustainable in long term. pic Brand image- A unique set of associations in the mind of customers concerning what a brand st ands for and the implied promises the brand makes. There could be hardly any person around the world that hasnt heard the name Coca Cola. Ever since it beginning as worlds leading name in chilly drinks, Coca Cola has created a strong brand image irrespective of age, sex and geographical locations.Millions of people around the world are consuming cold drinks or soft drinks as part of their unremarkable meal. Coca Cola, ever since its inception has been the leader in soft drink market. Brand image is the significant factor affecting Cokes sale. Coca-Colas brand name is very well cognize all over the world. Packaging changes have also affected sales and industry positioning, but in general, the public has tended not to be affected by new products. Coca-Colas bottling system also allows the company to take advantage of infinite growth opportunities around the world.This strategy gives Coke the opportunity to service a large geographic, diverse, area. Brand loyalty Brand loyalty is a central construct to market. Keeping the consumer satisfied, and loyal enough to frequently purchase just one brand, is more difficult in todays marketplace than ever before. But today, major(ip) brands are experiencing heightened brand loyalty due to the growing popularity of the brand as a collectible. A recent Coca-Cola annual report reported that the second most recognized expression in the world after ok? is Coca-Cola. Brand personality-Brand Personality identity is understood as the set of human characteristics associated with a brand. The brand image building strategy implies the definition of a brand personality and a user personality. Have you ever thought about your personal brand? Brand personalities that 1) Are well-known, 2) offer something different to the world than they do in terms of products and services Coca-Colas brand personality reflects the positioning of its brand. The process of positioning a brand or product is a complex managerial task and must be done over time exploitation all the elements of the marketing mix.Positioning is in the mind of the consumer and can be described as how the product is considered by that consumer. When researching the positioning of a product, consumers are often asked how they would describe that product if it were a person. The purpose of this is to develop a character statement. This can ensure that consumers have a clear view of the brand values that make up the brand personality, just like the values and beliefs that make up a person. Many people see Coca-Cola as a part of their daily life. This imilarity between the brand and the consumer leads to a high degree of loyalty and makes the purchasing decision easier Brand Positioning- The location of a brand in relation to its competitors in some pre-defined space. The space may be defined by criteria used by consumers, such as value for currency or age of consumer etc. 5 main factors that go into defining a brand position. 1. Brand Attributes Wha t the brand delivers through features and benefits to consumers. 2. Consumer Expectations What consumers expect to receive from the brand. 3. Competitor attributesWhat the other brands in the market offer through features and benefits to consumers. 4. Price An easily quantifiable factor Your prices vs. your competitors prices. 5. Consumer perceptions The perceived quality and value of your brand in consumers minds (i. e. , does your brand offer the cheap solution, the good value for the money solution, the high-end, high-price tag solution, etc.? ) The Coca-Cola Company produce a unravel of beverages suited to different ages, stages, lifestyles and occasions. This includes soft drinks, viands drinks, juices and juice drinks, waters, zippo drinks, sports drinks and cordials.As part of a hefty, varied and balanced diet and an active lifestyle, all products can be enjoyed by the majority of people. It is committed to helping customers select the product that is best suited to the ir needs through the provision of detailed product reading supported by general advice on healthy eating, drinking and lifestyles. It understands that balancing energy intake with energy output is key to a healthy body weight. We therefore provide choice through range of low or no-kilojoule products that are ideally suited to the needs of people who wish to mow energy intake through beverage selection.such(prenominal) products are readily available at a similar cost to an equivalent higher energy product. As one of the largest producers and marketers of non-alcoholic beverages we promote physical activity through our active lifestyles programme and sponsorship of sport. Through new product development we will continue to release a range of new types of drinks, including low or no kilojoule products as we look at ways in which to cater to those people who wish to reduce energy intake through selection of lower energy beverages.Children and the role of our beverages Coca cola respec t and support the primary role that parents play in decisions affecting the lives of young children, including choices about diet and lifestyle. drinkable choice, like food selection, is a role for parents and we assist them in this through the provision of nutrition information and by making available a wide range of products suitable for all ages, stages and occasions. Coca-Colas longstanding global policy ensures we do not directly market our products to children under the age of twelve.Our brands are not advertize during childrens television times and we do not show children under 12 in advertising or promotional materials drinking our products outside of the presence of an adult. Our sampling events are directed to people over the age of 12. In the small number of schools where we provide vending machines we work with the school to provide a range of beverages, and ensure that lower energy products are priced attractively and the packaging is in a single deal out size. Guide lines have been established to oversee the manner in which we work with schools and their tuck shops.It is company practice to bewray diet drinks and sugar-free alternatives at a similar price to regular carbonated soft drinks. Retailers offering specials are encouraged to include both the regular and diet versions of our soft drinks. Through new product development it aim to develop more products that meet the unique needs of children and will work with nutrition experts as we do this. For healthy active and growing children, beverages higher in energy can be enjoyed as part of a balanced and varied diet.However, we also provide a range of low or no-kilojoule products also suitable for children. Supporting sport and physical activity Globally, The Coca-Cola Company has a long taradiddle of supporting sport and activity. have been a major Olympic Games sponsor since 1928 and also sponsor major international sporting events. Coca-Cola has been an All Black sponsor for the past deca de and has also supported idyl netball and rugby. At a grassroots level, Coca-Cola has formed a partnership with the NationalAssociation of OSCAR (Out of School direction and Recreation) to develop and implement a national physical activity programme available to 75,000 young New Zealanders. In South Auckland, the Get Moving programme is working to encourage children to participate in local anesthetic sports and recreation courses. The Pump water brand is now a major sponsor of the Heart Foundations excel Rope for Heart programme that runs in schools across New Zealand and through the Powerade sports drink brand, we support numerous sporting events around the country. LabellingAll products of The Coca-Cola Company provide clear nutrition information in accord with international regulations. Packaging Coca-Cola is committed to strict environmental guidelines, and to ensuring our packaging has as little impact as possible on the environment. To this end, a recycling project was in troduced in New Zealand during 2001 which ensures our PET bottles contain an modal(a) of 10% recycled material. Information Programmes Coca colas consumer contact centre provides around the clock access to information about the companies. PricingIt is company practice to sell diet drinks and sugar-free soft drink alternatives at a similar price to regular carbonated soft drinks. Similarly, any competitions or promotions of Coca-Cola can be entered by our consumers who purchase diet Coke. Although at the discretion of retailers, special offers and reduced prices on soft drinks are usually available for both the regular and diet versions of our soft drinks Brand lengthiness - Brand extension or brand stretching is a marketing strategy in which a firm marketing a product with a well-developed image uses the same brand name in a different product category.Organizations use this strategy to increase and leverage brand equity (definition the net worth and long sustainability just from t he renowned name) pic pic pic pic pic Conclusion- The progress and advancement in the field of technology in the palm of soft drink raw material, production, manufacturing, information and communication technology and logistics have great positive impacts on the operations and sales of Coca-Cola.The availability of new soft drink ingredients enables Coca-Cola to introduce new variety of its products to its existent consumers, not forgetting to attract the new consumer groups. The use of the latest information technology has made able the company to attract the new generation of soft drink consumers with the latest features of song downloading. Also the existence of company website has enabled the world to be in touch with the latest progress, promotions and offers of Coca-Cola.